Our+precious+Earth

= Acid Rain = Authors: IIIA boys: Michał, Piotr, Paweł, Krzysztof G., Adrian, Krzysztof M., Szymon, Kacper, Dawid, Kamil




 *  How is acid rain formed? **

Acid rain formed by the merger of water droplets from the gas air pollutants. The most important is sulfur dioxide. nitrogen oxides. Air pollution comes from natural sources, in the case of volcanic eruptions and forest fires, and are the result of human activities - Created by exhaust fumes and smoke with factories.


 *  Chemical composition of acid rain **

The composition of acid rain falls sulfur and nitrogen. Sulphur is produced by volcanic eruptions and nitrogen from the air. They arise in specific locations, but the wind can carry them over long distances SłuchajZapis fonetyczny

http://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kwa%C5%9Bny_deszcz http://naszaekologia.pl/kwasne_deszcze.php
 * Source:**
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 * __ How to get rid of acid rain? __**

 As you can see, air pollution is a global problem. It is not possible to avoid their harmful effects on plants and animals, where the contamination is already in the air. The road leading to the solution to this problem is to stop the emission of pollutants, or at least significantly reducing them. This can be done in several ways:

 **Chimneys Gas Cleaning**

 If the gases produced during combustion of fossil fuels are mixed with minerals, mostly of calcium, more than 90% of harmful ingredients will be reduced. Unfortunately, after extraction of these minerals in the ground are large pits.

 **Catalysts**

 Cars and trucks can be equipped with catalytic converters, which, through reductions in nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide and hydrocarbons decrease exhaust emissions by 90%. Cars fitted with catalytic converter require unleaded gasoline.

**Liming**

 Limestone rich in calcium, Ca may be spilled on the soil and lakes from helicopters, boats and trucks. Would it work as a buffer and reduce the acidity of the environment, but only for a short time.

 **Alternative Energy**

 The primary source of energy for fossil fuels are now. However, there are alternative sources of energy: wind, solar radiation, ocean waves, the energy flowing rivers.

**Savings**

 There is no easy way to reduce pollution. At the same time a huge amount of energy produced by humans is wasted. During the manufacturing process created a significant amount of waste - through their heinous use can reduce energy consumption. They can also be reduced through more effective insulation of buildings, or are using recyclable materials.


 * Source:** __http://www.sciaga.pl/tekst/5770-6-kwasne_deszcze/__

=__**Effects**__=


 * Forests and other vegetations**

Plants can also be damaged by acid rain. In cultivated areas, limestone may also be added to increase the ability of the soil to keep the pH stable, but this tactic is largely unusable in the case of wilderness lands. When calcium is leached from the needles of red spruce, these trees become less cold tolerant and exhibit winter injury and even death.


 * Surface waters and aquatic animals**

Both the lower pH and higher aluminium concentrations in surface water can cause damage to fish and other aquatic animals. Acid rain has eliminated insect life and some fish species, in some lakes, streams, and creeks in geographically sensitive area. . The United States Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA) website states: "Of the lakes and streams surveyed, acid rain caused acidity in 75 percent of the acidic lakes and about 50 percent of the acidic streams".


 * Human health**

Scientists have suggested direct links to human health. Fine particles, a large fraction of which are formed from the same gases as acid rain (sulfur dioxide and nitrogen dioxide), have been shown to cause premature deaths and illnesses such as cancer and other diseases. For more information on the health effects of aerosols see particulate health effects.


 * Other adverse effects**

Acid rain can also damage buildings and historic monuments. Acids in the rain react with the calcium compounds in the stones to create gypsum, which then flakes off. CaCO3 (s) + H2SO4 (aq) CaSO4 (aq) + CO2 (g) + H2O (l)

The effects of this are commonly seen on old gravestones, where acid rain can cause the inscriptions to become completely illegible. Acid rain also increases the oxidation rate of metals, in particular copper and bronze.


 * Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acid_rain**

__**EFFECTS OF ACID RAIN**__

Over the years, scientists, have noted a slowed growth of some forests. Leaves and needles turn brown and fall off when they should be green and healthy. Acid rain causes slower growth, injury, or death of forests. In most cases, in fact, the impacts of acid rain on trees are due to the combined effects of acid rain and these other environmental stressors. After many years of collecting information on the chemistry and biology of forests, researchers are beginning to understand how acid rain works on the forest soil, trees, and other plants. Acid Rain on the Forest Floor A spring shower in the forest washes leaves and falls through the trees to the forest floor below. Some trickles over the ground and runs into streams, rivers, or lakes, and some of the water soaks into the soil. That soil may neutralize some or all of the acidity of the acid rainwater. The ability of forest soils to resist, or buffer, acidity depends on the thickness and composition of the soil, as well as the type of bedrock beneath the forest floor. How Acid Rain Harms Trees Acid rain does not usually kill trees directly. Instead, it is more likely to weaken trees by damaging their leaves, limiting the nutrients available to them, or exposing them to toxic substances slowly released from the soil. Effects of acid rain in water Effects of acid rain are the most clean senn in aquatic environment such as streams, lakes and marches. Acid rain flow in marches, lakes and rivers after then, they fall to forests, fields, buildings, and roads. Acid rain also falls on aquatic habitats. Most lakes and streams have a pH between 6 and 8, although some lakes are naturally acidic even without the effects of acid rain. Lakes and streams become acidic (the pH value goes down) when the water itself and its flow to soil it cannot buffer the acid rain. In areas where buffering capacity is low, acid rain releases aluminum from soils into lakes and streams; aluminum is highly toxic to many species of aquatic organisms. Where Does Acid Rain Affect Lakes and Streams? Many lakes and streams examined in a National Surface Water Survey (NSWS) a condition in which water has contain low pH level. The survey examined the effects of acidic deposition in over 1,000 lakes larger than 10 acres and in thousands of miles of streams believed to be sensitive to acidification. Of the lakes and streams examined, acid rain caused acidity in 75 percent of the acidic lakes and about 50 percent of the acidic streams. Some types of plants and animals are able to tolerate acidic waters. Others, however, are acid-sensitive and will be lost as the pH declines. Generally, the young of most species are more sensitive to environmental conditions than adults. At pH 5, most fish eggs cannot hatch. At lower pH levels, some adult fish die. Some acid lakes have no fish. The chart below shows that not all fish, shellfish, or the insects that they eat can tolerate the same amount of acid; for example, frogs can tolerate water that is more acidic (i.e., has a lower pH) than trout.

SłuchajZapis fonetyczny

CROSSWORD


 * **Across**

**3.** To soak up **4.** Opposite of acid **6.** Our surroundings **9.** Gas and oil **10.** Filtering with water **11.** Rain fall **13.** Government agency **14.** Capable of being seen || **Down**

**1.** Large wooded areas **2.** Neither acid or base **3.** Opposite of base **5.** They pollute **7.** Discharges **8.** Air around us **10.** Paper to test pH  **12.** Acidity or alkalinity ||


 * Examples of what can be done to the statue of acid rain and trees.**